Cnat Marine

Global Maritime Distress Safety System

Components of GMDSS

The main types of equipment used in GMDSS:

Indication Emergency Position-beacons (EPIRBs)

Main article: Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon

Cospas-Sarsat is a search international satellite rescue system, established by Canada, France, Russia and the United States. These four countries jointly helped develop the 406 MHz position emergency, indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB), an element of the GMDSS designed to operate with the Cospas-Sarsat. These automatic trigger RLS is now required on SOLAS ships, commercial fishing vessels and all passenger ships, are designed to transmit to alert the rescue coordination centers through satellite system anywhere in the world. The original COSPAS / SARSAT polar orbiting satellites used, but in recent years the system has expanded to also include 4 satellites orbit. New designs incorporate GPS receivers to transmit accurate positions (within 20 meters) from the position hazard. The original COSPAS-SARSAT satellites can calculate the position of the RLS in about 3 nautical miles using Doppler techniques. By late 2010 the manufacturers of RLS can offer AIS (Automatic Identification System) enabled beacons. The service, the ability of these items are reviewed monthly and annually and have limited life battery between 2 to 5 years using the most lithium batteries. 406 MHz EPIRBs transmit a registration number that is linked to hexadecimal base data about the ship.

NAVTEX

Main article: Navtex

Navtex is an international system to deliver automated instantly maritime navigational warnings, weather forecasts and warnings, search and rescue, and similar information to ships. A small, low-cost, autonomous "smart" printing radio receiver installed on the bridge, or the place from where the ship was sailing, and checks each incoming message to see if it has received during an earlier transmission, or whether it is a category of no interest to the ship's captain. The frequency of transmission of these messages is 518 kHz in English, while 490 kHz is used to broadcast local language.

Messages are identified by a code header identified by the use of scripts representing broadcast stations, the type of messages, followed by two figures indicating the serial number of the message.

Inmarsat

Satellite systems operated by Inmarsat, by IMSO International Mobile Satellite are also important elements of the GMDSS. The types of INMARSAT terminals ship earth station recognized by the GMDSS: Inmarsat B, C and F77. Inmarsat B and F77, an updated version of the now redundant Inmarsat A, provide ship to shore, ship to ship and shore / ship telephone, telex and data services at high speed, including a distress priority telephone and telex and rescue coordination centers. Fleet 77 is fully compatible with the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), including advanced features such as emergency call prioritization. The Inmarsat C provides ship / shore, shore / ship and ship-ship data store and forward messaging and email, the ability to send preformatted distress to rescue coordination center, and the Inmarsat C SafetyNET. The Inmarsat C SafetyNET is a satellite-based service to maritime safety worldwide information dissemination service of high seas weather warnings, navigational warnings NAVAREA, radionavigation warnings, ice reports and warnings generated by the USCG conducted International Ice Patrol, and other similar information not provided by NAVTEX. SafetyNET works similarly to NAVTEX in areas outside NAVTEX coverage.

Inmarsat C equipment is relatively small and lightweight, and costs much less than a B or Inmarsat F77. Inmarsat B and F77 ship earth stations require relatively large gyro-stabilized antennas, the antenna size of Inmarsat C is much lower.

Under a cooperative agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), combined meteorological observations and reports AMVER now be sent to either the Centre AMVER USCG, and NOAA, using an Inmarsat C ship earth station, at no cost. .

SOLAS now requires that Inmarsat C equipment have a receiver integrated satellite navigation, or be connected externally to a satellite navigation receiver. That connection will ensure information on the location exact sent to a rescue coordination center if a distress alert is transmitted each time.

Also, the registration of new LRIT systems range continues to be updated via Inmarsat C GMDSS also SSAS complient with built-in alarm system is the ship's safety

High Frequency

GMDSS system can include high frequency (HF) radio telephone and radio telex (narrow band direct printing) equipment, with calls initiated by selective calling (DSC). Emissions worldwide maritime safety information are also made on HF channel narrow band direct printing.

Search and rescue locating device

Main article: Search and Rescue Device Location

The GMDSS installation on board ships include one or more Search and Rescue Device Location Device used to locate survival craft or distressed vessels by creating a series of points in 3 cm from the screen of a salvage ship radar or operating on frequencies dedicated for AIS. The detection range between these devices and ships, dependent on the height of the radar mast of the ship and the height of the search and rescue device location, is normally about 15 kilometers (8 nautical miles). Note that a marine radar can not detect a search and rescue locating device, even within this distance, if the configuration radar are not optimized for search and rescue location detection devices.

Once detected by the radar, the search appliance and Rescue Location produce a visual and auditory.

Digital Selective Calling

The IMO also introduced Digital Selective Calling at (DSC) of MF, HF and VHF maritime radios as part of the GMDSS. DSC is primarily intended to start ship-ship, ship to shore and shore-ship radiotelephone and MF / HF radio telex calls. DSC calls can also be made to individual stations, station groups, or "all stations" in scope. Each DSC-equipped vessel, the shore station and group is assigned a unique 9-digit Maritime Mobile Service Identity.

DSC distress alerts, which consist of a message preformatted distress, are used to initiate emergency communications with ships and rescue coordination centers. DSC was intended to eliminate the need people on the bridge of a ship or on land to protect radio receivers continuously on voice radio channels, including VHF channel 16 (156.8 MHz) and now 2182 kHz is used for distress, safety and calling. Listening aboard GMDSS-equipped ships on 2182 kHz ended February 1, 1999. In May 2002, IMO decided to postpone the cessation of a VHF listening service on board ships. This requirement on duty had been scheduled to end on February 1, 2005.

IMO and ITU both require that the DSC-equipped MF / HF and VHF radios be externally connected to a satellite navigation receiver. That connection will ensure accurate location information is sent to a rescue coordination center if a distress alert is transmitted each time. The FCC requires that all new VHF and MF / HF maritime radiotelephones type accepted after June 1999 have at least a basic DSC capability.

VHF digital selective calling also has other capabilities beyond those required for the GMDSS. The Coast Guard uses this system to track vessels in Prince William Sound, Alaska, the shipping service. IMO and the USCG also plan to require that ships have on board a universal automatic identification system, which will be compatible with DSC. Countries with a GMDSS A1 Area should be able to identify and follow AIS equipped vessels in its waters without any additional radio equipment. A DSC-equipped radio can not be questioned and monitoring, unless the option was included by the manufacturer, and unless the user configures it to allow monitoring.

GMDSS telecommunications equipment should not be reserved for emergencies only. The Organization International Maritime urges mariners to use that computer for routine telecommunications as well as security.

GMDSS sea areas

areas Tues GMDSS serve two purposes: to describe areas where GMDSS services available, and define what GMDSS ships must carry radio equipment (requirements transport). Prior to the GMDSS, the number and type of ship safety radio equipment had to carry depended on their tonnage. With GMDSS, the number and type of ship radio equipment safety must take depends on the areas where GMDSS travel.

In addition to the equipment listed below, all GMDSS-regulated ships must carry a satellite EPIRB, a NAVTEX receiver (if traveling in areas served by NAVTEX), one of Inmarsat-C SafetyNET receiver (if they travel in all areas not providing the service NAVTEX), a DSC-equipped VHF radiotelephone, two (if it is between 300 and less than 500 GRT) or three handheld VHF (if 500 GRT or more), and a search 9GHz and rescue radar transponders (SART).

The sea area A1

An area within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one coast station VHF in which continuous digital selective calling (Ch.70/156.525MHz) and alert radio services is one area could spread available.Such normally 20 nautical miles (37 km) to 30 nautical miles (56 km) Coast Station.

The sea area A2

An area, excluding sea area A1, within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one MF coast station in which continuous DSC (2187.5 kHz) alerting and radiotelephony services available.For are planning purposes in this area usually extends to a maximum of 180 nautical miles (330 km) at sea during the day, but not thus any areas.In practice designated A1, satisfactory coverage often can reach some 400 nautical miles (740 kilometers) offshore during night.

The sea area A3

An area, excluding sea areas A1 and A2, within the coverage area of INMARSAT satellite.This GEO is between about north latitude to 76 degrees and south, but excluding designated A1 or A2 areas.Inmarsat ensure its working between 70 South and North from 70 to Despite often working at 76 degrees North or South.

The sea area A4

An area outside the sea areas A1, A2 and A3 is called the sea area A4. This is essentially the polar regions, north and south of 70 degrees latitude, excluding any area A1 or A2.

GMDSS radio equipment required for U.S. Costa Travel

Currently, up to a sea area A1 or A2 is established, GMDSS ships, the duties of running off the U.S. coast must meet the sea area A3 (or A4), regardless of where they operate. U.S. ships whose voyage allows them to always remain within VHF channel 16 coverage stations of the U.S. Coast Guard may ask the Federal Communications Commission for an individual exemption to accommodate the sea area A1 requirements. Of Similarly, those who stay on 2182 kHz station coverage of the U.S. Coast Guard may request a waiver to comply with the requirements of Sea Area A2.

History

Since the invention of radio in the late 19 th century, ships at sea have relied on Morse code, invented by Samuel Morse and first used time in 1844, for distress and safety telecommunications. The need for ships and shore stations and radio stations for wireless telegraphy equipment use, and listen to a frequency common radio for Morse encoded distress calls, was recognized after the sinking of the liner RMS Titanic in the North Atlantic in 1912. U.S. Congress A law enacted shortly thereafter, requiring ships to the U.S. using Morse code telegraphy equipment for distress. The International Telecommunication (ITU), now a United Nations agency, as well as for ships of all nations. Morse encoded distress calling has saved thousands of lives since its inception almost a century, but its use requires skilled radio operators spending many hours listening to the radio distress frequency. Their range of the average frequency (MF) distress band (500 kHz) is limited, and the amount of traffic Morse signals can carry is also limited.

Not every ship to shore radio communications were short range. Some radio stations provide radio services-reaching, such as radio messages and radio calls, telex, on the HF bands (3-30 MHz) allows communications with ships worldwide. For example, Portishead Radio, which was the busiest in the world for radio station, provided services long-range HF. In 1974, there were 154 radio operators who drove more than 20 million words a year. These large radiotelephone stations used a large number people and is costly to operate. In the late 1980's, satellite services have begun to take an increasing share of the market for ship to shore communications.

For these reasons, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations agency specializing in safety of navigation and prevention ships of marine pollution, began to seek ways of improving maritime distress and safety communications. In 1979, a group of experts drafted the Convention International Maritime Search and Rescue, which advocates the development of a global search and rescue plan. This group also approved a resolution calling development of the IMO of a Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) to provide communication support needed to implement search and rescue plan. This new system, the maritime nations of the world are implementing, is based on a combination of satellite services and terrestrial radio, and changed international emergency communications from being primarily ship to ship based on ship to shore (Rescue Coordination Center) based. This meant the end of communications Morse code for everyone, but some users and amateur radio operators. The GMDSS provides for automatic distress alert and location where an operator radio does not have time to send an SOS or MAYDAY call, and for the first time, requires ships to receive broadcasts of maritime safety information which could prevent a distress from happening in the first place. In 1988, IMO amended the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), requiring ships subject to fit GMDSS equipment. These ships are required to carry NAVTEX and satellite EPIRBs on August 1, 1993, and had to fit all other GMDSS equipment by 1 February 1999. U.S. ships were allowed to fit GMDSS equipment instead of Morse telegraphy in the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

Licensing of operators

National maritime authorities may issue several classes of licenses. General Operator's Certificate required by SOLAS vessels operating well outside the maritime area GMDSS A1, while a restricted operator certificate is required in SOLAS vessels operated exclusively within sea area A1 GMDSS

Long scope may issue a certificate, and is required for vessels not subject to SOLAS that operate outside GMDSS sea area A1, while a short range certificate issued to vessels not subject to SOLAS operating only within the GMDSS sea area A1.

Finally, there is an operator's certificate restricted radio telephone, which is similar Short Range Certificate, but limited VHR DSC radio operation. Some countries do not consider this adequate for the rating GMDSS.

In the United States four different GMDSS certificates are issued. A GMDSS Radio Maintainer License allows a person to maintain, install and repair GMDSS equipment at sea. License GMDSS Radio Operator is necessary for a person to use GMDSS equipment required. The holder of the certificates can be issued a GMDSS Operator Radio Maintainer License. Finally, the GMDSS restricted license is available only for VHF operations within 20 nautical miles (37 km) offshore. To obtain any of these licenses, a person must be a U.S. citizen or otherwise eligible for employment in the country, being able to communicate in English, and take exams written approval by the Federal Communications Commission. As amateur radio exams, these are proposed by private groups approved by the FCC. These are generally not the same agencies that administer tests ham. Written test items 1 and 7 are necessary for the operator's license, and the elements 1 and 7R for restricted operations. (Item 1 also automatically qualifies the applicant passes the Marine radiotelephone operator license, the MROP.)

For Maintainer license, review item must pass written 9. However, to obtain this certificate, the applicant must also hold a radiotelephone operator license General (Grol), which requires passing trade written test items 1 and 3 (and therefore replaces the MROP). Passing over an optional writing test eight of the ship radar endorsement is added to both Grol and licenses maintainer. This allows the holder to adjust, maintain and repair radar equipment on board.

Until March 25, 2008 the operator of GMDSS and maintainer licenses expired after five years but could be renewed upon payment of a fee. On that date all new certificates were issued valid the lives of their owners. For those still valid, but previously issued with maturity dates, the FCC states:

Any GMDSS radio operator license, a restricted license GMDSS Radio Operator, GMDSS Radio Maintainer License, GMDSS Radio Operator / Maintainer license or permit marine radio operator who was active, ie had not expired, on March 25, 2008, there has to be renewed.

Since a certificate of age shows an expiration date for members international sailing crew can be worth paying the fee (as of 2008 was $ 60) to avoid confusion with local authorities.

Finally, should be noted that to serve effectively as a GMDSS operator in most commercial vessels U.S. Coast Guard requires classroom training and practical experience beyond the conclusion of a license.

See also

Nautical Portal

VHF Marine Radio GMDSS equipment.

Search and rescue

Emergency position indication, radio beacon (EPIRB)

Inmarsat

Radio horizon

500 kHz

2182 kHz

Source

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/marcomms/gmdss/default.htm

http://www.gmdss.com.au/

References

^ Johnson, B (1994). "English in maritime radiotelephony. English World 13 (1): 8391. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00285.x.

^ "The history of Portishead Radio: Communications of long-range maritime radio: 1920 1995." 04.06.2001. http://jproc.ca/radiostor/portis1.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.

^ FCC – Commercial radio operator licenses

^

MarComms ^ – GMDSS Training and Certification

External Links

COSPAS-SARSAT system homepage

Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT)

FCC – Licen Commercial Operator: FCC Exams

FCC – GMDSS Radio Licence Maintainer (MS) of the FCC

FCC – The GMDSS Radio Operator License (DO) FCC

FCC – the ship's radar Approval FCC

FCC – Commercial Operator Licensing: Pools exam questions FCC

GMDSS ship inspection checklist FCC

"CCIR 493-4 HF Selcall Information Resources." HFLINK. 2010. http://hflink.com/selcall. Retrieved on 01/10/2010.

Categories: Emergency communication | Law of the Sea | Maritime communication | Rescue equipment About the Author

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